Laterovertically-expanding fusion cage systems

ABSTRACT

An intervertebral scaffolding system is provided having a laterovertically-expanding frame operable for a reversible collapse from an expanded state into a collapsed state, the laterovertically-expanding frame having a stabilizer, one or more tensioners, or a combination of the stabilizer with one or more tensioners. The stabilizer slidably engages with the distal region of the laterovertically-expanding frame and both the stabilizer and the one or more tensioners are configured for retaining the laterovertically-expanding frame from a lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state. The expanded state, for example, can be configured to have an open graft distribution window that at least substantially closes upon the reversible collapse.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/271,741, filed Sep. 21, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The teachings herein are directed to intervertebral scaffolding systems having a combination of a stabilizer and a tensioner for stabilizing and/or retaining support beams upon expansion of the scaffolding in an intervertebral disc space.

Description of the Related Art

Bone grafts are used in spinal fusion, for example, which is a technique used to stabilize the spinal bones, or vertebrae, and a goal is to create a solid bridge of bone between two or more vertebrae. The fusion process includes “arthrodesis”, which can be thought of as the mending or welding together of two bones in a spinal joint space, much like a broken arm or leg healing in a cast. Spinal fusion may be recommended for a variety of conditions that might include, for example, a spondylolisthesis, a degenerative disc disease, a recurrent disc herniation, or perhaps to correct a prior surgery.

Bone graft material is introduced for fusion and a fusion cage can be inserted to help support the disc space during the fusion process. In fact, fusion cages are frequently used in such procedures to support and stabilize the disc space until bone graft unites the bone of the opposing vertebral endplates in the disc space. A transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), for example, involves placement of posterior instrumentation (screws and rods) into the spine, and the fusion cage loaded with bone graft can be inserted into the disc space. Bone graft material can be pre-packed in the disc space or packed after the cage is inserted. TLIF can be used to facilitate stability in the front and back parts of the lumbar spine promoting interbody fusion in the anterior portion of the spine. Fusion in this region can be beneficial, because the anterior interbody space includes an increased area for bone to heal, as well as to handle increased forces that are distributed through this area.

Unfortunately, therein lies a problem solved by the teachings provided herein. Currently available systems can be problematic in that the methods of introducing the fusion cage and bone graft material leaves pockets in regions of the intervertebral space that are not filled with bone graft material, regions in which fusion is desired for structural support. These pockets can create a premature failure of the fused intervertebral space due to forces that are distributed through the regions containing the pockets, for example, when the patient stands and walks.

Traditional fusion cages, such as the Medtronic CAPSTONE cage, are designed to be oversized relative to the disc space to distract the disc space as the entire cage is inserted. However, this makes it difficult to insert and position properly. In response to the problem, the art has developed a number of new fusion cages, such as the Globus CALIBER cage which can be inserted at a low height and expanded vertically to distract the disc space. Unfortunately, these types of devices have the typical graft distribution problem discussed above, in that they do not provide a path for bone graft to be inserted and fill in the space surrounding the cage or within the cage. They have other problems as well, including that the annulotomy must be large to accommodate a large enough cage for stability, and this large opening necessitates more trauma to the patient. Moreover, they can also create the additional problem of “backout”, in that they cannot expand laterally beyond the annulotomy to increase the lateral footprint of the cage relative to lateral dimension of the annulotomy. Since it takes several months for the fusion to occur to completion in a patient, the devices have plenty of time to work their way out of the space through the large annulotomy.

Scaffolding systems may also suffer a lack of stability and/and or a lack of a retention of structural components in a desired expansion configuration in the intervertebral space. As such, a multi-component scaffolding system, for example, can benefit from an improved design that adds stability through, for example, (i) enhancing the amount of contact between the scaffolding components upon expansion; and/or (ii) limiting the amount of expansion, or relative movement, that can occur between components upon expansion, or after expansion, in the intervertebral space. Such design considerations can, for example, address the problems of overexpansion of one component relative to another due to, for example, variable stresses that might occur in the intervertebral space upon expansion or after expansion, stresses which can result in at least partial failure of the scaffolding system in the intervertebral space.

Accordingly, and for at least the above reasons, those of skill in the art will appreciate bone graft distribution systems that facilitate an improved distribution of graft material throughout the intervertebral space. Such systems are provided herein, the systems configured to (i) effectively distribute bone graft material both from the system, and around the system, to improve the strength and integrity of a fusion; (ii) reduce or eliminate the problem of failures resulting from a poor bone graft distribution; (iii) have a small maximum dimension in a collapsed state for a low-profile insertion into the annulus in a minimally-invasive manner, whether using only a unilateral approach or a bilateral approach; (iv) laterally expand within the intervertebral space to avoid backout of the system through the annulotomy; (v) vertically expand for distraction of the intervertebral space; (vi) provide an expansion in the intervertebral space without contracting the system in length to maintain a large footprint and an anterior position adjacent to the inner, anterior annulus wall, distributing load over a larger area, anteriorly, against the endplates; (vii) and, incorporate a stabilizer for stabilizing and/or retaining support beams upon expansion of the scaffolding in an intervertebral disc space.

SUMMARY

The teachings herein are directed to intervertebral scaffolding systems having a combination of a stabilizer and one or more tensioners for stabilizing and/or retaining support beams upon expansion of the scaffolding in an intervertebral disc space. As such, the teachings herein are generally directed to an intervertebral scaffolding system.

The systems provided herein can comprise, for example, a central beam having a central beam axis; a proximal portion and a distal portion; a top surface with a first top-lateral surface and a second top-lateral surface; a bottom surface with a first bottom-lateral surface and a second bottom-lateral surface; a first side surface with a first top-side surface and a first bottom-side surface; and, a second side surface with a second top-side surface and a second bottom-side surface. The systems can also comprise a laterovertically-expanding frame configured for operably contacting the central beam to create an intervertebral scaffolding system in vivo. The frame can have a collapsed state and an expanded state, the expanded state operably contacting with the central beam in the intervertebral space; a proximal portion having an end, a distal portion having an end, and a central frame axis of the expanded state.

In some embodiments, the frame can be constructed to have a first top beam including a proximal portion having an end and a distal portion having an end, the first top beam configured for contacting the first top-lateral surface of the central beam and the first top-side surface of the central beam in the expanded state, a central axis of the first top beam at least substantially on (i) a top plane containing the central axis of the first top beam and a central axis of a second top beam and (ii) a first side plane containing the central axis of the first top beam and a central axis of a first bottom beam; the second top beam including a proximal portion having an end and a distal portion having an end, the second top beam configured for contacting the second top-lateral surface of the central beam and the second top-side surface of the central beam in the expanded state, the central axis of the second top beam at least substantially on (i) the top plane and (ii) a second side plane containing the central axis of the second top beam and a central axis of a second bottom beam; the first bottom beam including a proximal portion having an end and a distal portion having an end, the first bottom beam configured for contacting the first bottom-lateral surface of the central beam and the first bottom-side surface of the central beam in the expanded state, the central axis of the first bottom beam at least substantially on (i) a bottom plane containing the central axis of the first bottom beam and the central axis of the second top beam and (ii) the first side plane; the second bottom beam including a proximal portion having an end and a distal region having an end, the second bottom beam configured for contacting the second bottom-lateral surface of the central beam and the second bottom-side surface of the central beam in the expanded state, the central axis of the second bottom beam being at least substantially on (i) the bottom plane and (ii) a second side plane containing the central axis of the second bottom beam and the central axis of the second top beam.

The frame can also be constructed, for example, to have a plurality of top connector elements configured to expandably connect the first top beam to the second top beam, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on the top plane; a plurality of bottom connector elements configured to expandably connect the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on the bottom plane; a plurality of first side connector elements configured to expandably connect the first top beam to the first bottom beam, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on the first side plane; and, a plurality of second side connector elements configured to expandably connect the second top beam to the second bottom beam, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on the second side plane

In some embodiments, the systems include a stabilizer that slidably engages with the distal region of the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, the second bottom beam, or a combination thereof. The stabilizer can be configured for retaining the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, the second bottom beam, or the combination thereof, from a lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state.

In some embodiments, the framing can be configured to include one or more tensioners, for example, a top tensioner operably attaching the first top beam to the second top beam; and, a bottom tensioner operably attaching the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam. The one or more tensioners can be used in combination with the stabilizer.

And, in some embodiments, the framing can be configured for engaging with the central beam in vivo to support the framing in the expanded state. Moreover, the connector elements can be struts configured to have a cross-sectional aspect ratio of longitudinal thickness to transverse thickness ranging from 1:2 to 1:8, adapted to maintain structural stiffness in the laterovertically expanding frame in a direction perpendicular to the central frame axis of the expanded state of the frame.

The stabilizer can be in an X-configuration. In some embodiments, the X-configuration can have a first top leg for slidably-engaging with the first top beam at an angle θ_(1T) with the lateral movement of the first top beam, first bottom leg for slidably engaging with the first bottom beam at an angle θ_(1B) with the lateral movement of the first bottom beam, a second top leg for slidably engaging with the second top beam at an angle θ_(2T) with the lateral movement of the second top beam, and a second bottom leg for slidably engaging with the second bottom beam at an angle θ_(2B) with the lateral movement of the second bottom beam. In some embodiments, each of the angles θ_(1T), θ_(1B), θ_(2T), θ_(2B), respectively, provide a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state. In some embodiments, the stabilizer further comprises a point of attachment for releasably attaching a guidewire for guiding the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame. And, in some embodiments, the first top leg, the first bottom leg, the second top leg, and the second bottom leg converge to form a hub having a point of attachment for releasably attaching a guidewire for guiding the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame.

The stabilizer can be in an H-configuration. The H-configuration can have a first vertical leg, a second vertical leg, and a cross-member that connects the first vertical leg at least substantially parallel to the second vertical leg, the first vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the first top beam and the first bottom beam, the second vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the second top beam and the second bottom beam, and the cross member providing a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state. In some embodiments, the central beam has a horizontal groove configured complementary to the cross-member of the stabilizer, and the horizontal groove of the central beam slidably connects with the cross-member in the expanded state. In some embodiments, the cross-member further comprises a vertical support member and the central beam has a vertical groove configured complementary to the vertical support member of the stabilizer, and the vertical groove of the central beam slidably connects with the vertical support member in the expanded state. In some embodiments, the stabilizer further comprises a point of attachment for releasably attaching a guidewire adapted for guiding the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame. And, in some embodiments, cross-member includes a first pillar and a second pillar that operably connect at a hub that has a point of attachment for releasably attaching a guidewire for guiding the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame.

In some embodiments, the systems are bone graft distribution systems. In these embodiments, the central beam can further comprise a grafting port. Likewise the expanding frame can open bone graft distribution windows on the top, the bottom, the sides, or a combination thereof, upon expansion.

In some embodiments, the frame can be formed monolithically. In these embodiments, each plurality connector elements can be struts; wherein, the top struts are configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the second top beam; and, the bottom struts are configured monolithically integral to the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam. The top struts and the bottom struts of the laterovertically-expanding frame can each be configured to open a graft distribution window upon expansion, expanding from the first top beam to the second top beam, the first top beam to the first bottom beam, the second top beam to the second bottom beam, or the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam. Likewise, in some embodiments, the top connector struts are configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the second top beam; and, the bottom struts are configured monolithically integral to the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam; the first side struts are configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the first bottom beam; and, the second side struts are configured monolithically integral to the second top beam and the second bottom beam. It should be appreciated that, in such embodiments, the top, bottom, first side, and second side of the laterovertically-expanding frame cam form a monolithically integral frame.

The teachings are also directed to a method of fusing an intervertebral space. The methods can use the scaffolding systems taught herein. For example, the methods can include creating a point of entry into an intervertebral disc, the intervertebral disc having a nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosis; removing the nucleus pulposus from within the intervertebral disc through the point of entry, leaving the intervertebral space for expansion of the scaffolding system of claim 1 within the annulus fibrosis, the intervertebral space having a top vertebral plate and a bottom vertebral plate; inserting the laterovertically expanding frame in the collapsed state through the point of entry into the intervertebral space; inserting the central beam into the frame to form the scaffolding system; and, adding a grafting material to the intervertebral space.

The step of creating the point of entry can comprise creating a lateral dimension of the point of entry ranging from about 5 mm to about 15 mm, and the amount of lateral expansion can be selected to exceed the lateral dimension of the point of entry. The step of expanding can include expanding the laterovertically expanding frame laterally to a width that exceeds the width of the point of entry; and, inserting the central beam to expand the laterovertically expanding frame vertically to support the frame in the expanded state. The step of inserting the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame includes engaging a means for preventing the central beam from backing out of the laterovertically-expanding frame after the expanding.

The teachings are also directed to a kit comprising a scaffolding system taught herein. The systems can include a cannula for inserting the scaffolding system into the intervertebral space; and, a guidewire adapted for guiding the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A-1I illustrate components of the graft distribution system, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 2A-2F illustrate a method of using a bidirectionally-expandable cage, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate a bidirectionally-expandable cage for fusing an intervertebral disc space, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate collapsed and expanded views of a bidirectionally-expandable cage having a bone graft window on each wall for fusing an intervertebral disc space, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate system for fusing an intervertebral disc space, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a method of using a bidirectionally-expandable cage, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 7A-7F illustrate some additional features of graft distribution systems, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 8A-8D illustrate components of a graft distribution kit, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate the expansion of a laterovertically-expandable frame in an intervertebral space, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate profiles of an expanded graft distribution system to highlight the exit ports and bone graft windows, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 11A and 11B compare an illustration of the graft distribution in place to a test placement in a cadaver to show relative size, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 12A-12C show x-rays of a placement in a cadaver, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 13A-13D show orientations of the first top beam relative to the second top beam, first bottom beam relative to the second bottom beam, first top beam relative to the first bottom beam, and the second top beam relative to the second bottom beam, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 14A-14D illustrate components of a system having a stabilizer, wherein the stabilizer is in an X-configuration, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 15A-15D illustrate components of a system having a stabilizer, wherein the stabilizer is in an H-configuration, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 16A-16I illustrate components of a system having a cage with a combination of a stabilizer and a tensioner, and a central beam configured for expanding the cage, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate the cage of FIGS. 16A-16I in a collapsed configuration, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The teachings herein are directed to intervertebral scaffolding systems having a stabilizer for stabilizing and/or retaining support beams upon expansion of the scaffolding in an intervertebral disc space. The systems can have, for example, a central beam having a proximal portion having an end, a grafting portion having a top and a bottom, a distal portion having a end, a central beam axis, a graft distribution channel having an entry port at the end of the proximal portion, a top exit port at the top of the grafting portion, and a bottom exit port at the bottom of the grafting portion. These systems can also include a laterovertically-expanding frame having a lumen, a first top beam, a second top beam, a first bottom beam, and a second bottom beam, each having a proximal portion and a distal portion, and each operably connected to each other at their respective proximal portions and distal portions with connector elements to form the laterovertically-expanding frame that is operable for a reversible collapse from an expanded state into a collapsed state. The expanded state, for example, can be configured to have an open graft distribution window that at least substantially closes upon the reversible collapse. In these embodiments, the laterovertically-expanding frame is adapted for receiving an insertion of the central beam to form the graft distribution system.

In some embodiments, the systems can also include a laterovertically-expanding frame having a first top beam, a second top beam, a first bottom beam, and a second bottom beam; wherein, the beams are in an at least substantially parallel arrangement with each other, each having a proximal portion, a grafting portion, and a distal portion, and each operably connected to each other at their respective proximal portions and distal portions to form the laterovertically-expanding frame in a square, cylindrical shape that is operable for a reversible collapse from an expanded state into a collapsed state. The expanded state, for example, can be configured to have an open graft distribution window that at least substantially closes upon the reversible collapse. In these embodiments, the laterovertically-expanding frame is adapted for receiving an insertion of the central beam to form the graft distribution system.

The term “subject” and “patient” can be used interchangeably in some embodiments and refer to an animal such as a mammal including, but not limited to, non-primates such as, for example, a cow, pig, horse, cat, dog; and primates such as, for example, a monkey or a human. As such, the terms “subject” and “patient” can also be applied to non-human biologic applications including, but not limited to, veterinary, companion animals, commercial livestock, and the like. Moreover, terms of degree are used herein to provide relative relationships between the position and/or movements of components of the systems taught herein. For example, the phrase “at least substantially parallel” is used to refer to a position of one component relative to another. An axis that is at least substantially parallel to another axis refers to an orientation that is intended, for all practical purposes to be parallel, but it is understood that this is just a convenient reference and that there can be variations due to stresses internal to the system and imperfections in the devices and systems. Likewise, the phrase “at least substantially on a . . . plane” refers to an orientation or movement that is intended, for all practical purposes to be on or near the plane as a convenient measure of the orientation or movement, but it is understood that this is just a convenient reference and that there can be variations due to stresses internal to the system and imperfections in the devices and systems. Likewise, the phrase “at least substantially coincident” refers to an orientation or movement that is intended, for all practical purposes to be on or near, for example, an axis or a plane as a convenient measure of the orientation or movement, but it is understood that this is just a convenient reference and that there can be variations due to stresses internal to the system and imperfections in the devices and systems.

FIGS. 1A-1I illustrate components of the system, according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 1A, the graft distribution systems 100 can have a central beam 101 with a central beam axis 105, a graft distribution channel with an entry port 135 in fluid communication with a top exit port 140, and a bottom exit port 141. The central beam 101 can also have a proximal portion 111 having and end with the entry port 135, a grafting portion 112 having the top exit port 140 and the bottom exit port 141, and a distal portion (not shown). The central beam 101 can also be sized to have a transverse cross-section 110 having a maximum dimension ranging from 5 mm to 15 mm for placing the central beam 101 into an intervertebral space through an annular opening having a maximum lateral dimension ranging from 5 mm to 15 mm, the intervertebral space having a top vertebral plate and a bottom vertebral plate. The central beam 101 can also have a top surface 115 with a first top-lateral surface 117 and a second top-lateral surface 119, a bottom surface 120 with a first bottom-lateral surface 122 and a second bottom-lateral surface 124, a first side surface 125 with a first top-side surface 127 and a first bottom-side surface 129, and a second side surface 130 with a second top-side surface 132 and a second bottom-side surface 134.

In some embodiments, the central beam can have transverse cross-sectional lateral dimension ranging from about 5 mm to about 15 mm. In some embodiments, the vertical dimension of the central beam can range from about 4 mm to about 12 mm, about 5 mm to about 11 mm, about 6 mm to about 10 mm, and about 7 mm to about 9 mm, about 6 mm to about 8 mm, about 6 mm, or any range or amount therein in increments of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the lateral dimension of the central beam can range from about 5 mm to about 15 mm, about 6 mm to about 14 mm, about 7 mm to about 13 mm, about 8 mm to about 12 mm, about 10 mm, or any range or amount therein in increments of 1 mm. In some embodiments, transverse cross-section of the central beam has an area with an effective diameter ranging from about 2 mm to about 20 mm, from about 3 mm to about 18 mm, from about 4 mm to about 16 mm, from about 5 mm to about 14 mm, from about 6 mm to about 12 mm, from about 7 mm to about 10 mm, or any range therein. In some embodiments, the low profile has an area with a diameter of 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, 18 mm, or any range therein, including any increment of 1 mm in any such diameter or range therein. In some embodiments, the width (mm)×height (mm) of the central beam can be 9.0×5.0, 9.0×6.0, 9.0×7.0, 9.0×8.0, 9.0×9.0, and 9.0×10.0, or any deviation in dimension therein in increments of +/−0.1 mm. And, in some embodiments, the central beam can have a transverse cross-sectional lateral or vertical dimension that ranges from 6.5 mm to 14.0 mm.

As shown in FIGS. 1B and 10, the system 100 can also comprise a laterovertically-expanding frame 149 configured for operably contacting the central beam 101 to create a graft distribution system 100 in vivo, the frame 149 having a collapsed state 149 c with a transverse cross section 149 ct having a maximum dimension ranging from 5 mm to 15 mm for placing the frame 149 in the intervertebral space through the annular opening for expansion. Likewise, the frame 149 can also have an expanded state 149 e with a transverse cross section 149 et having a maximum dimension ranging from 6.5 mm to 18 mm for retaining the frame 149 in the intervertebral space, the expanded state operably contacting with the central beam 101 in the intervertebral space. The frame 149 can be defined as including a proximal portion 111 having an end, a grafting portion 112, a distal portion (not shown) having an end, and a central frame axis 113 of the expanded state 149 e.

In some embodiments, the frame can have transverse cross-sectional lateral dimension in the collapsed state ranging from about 5 mm to about 15 mm. In some embodiments, the vertical dimension of the frame in the collapsed state can range from about 4 mm to about 12 mm, about 5 mm to about 11 mm, about 6 mm to about 10 mm, and about 7 mm to about 9 mm, about 6 mm to about 8 mm, about 6 mm, or any range or amount therein in increments of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the lateral dimension of the frame in the collapsed state can range from about 5 mm to about 15 mm, about 6 mm to about 14 mm, about 7 mm to about 13 mm, about 8 mm to about 12 mm, about 10 mm, or any range or amount therein in increments of 1 mm. In some embodiments, transverse cross-section of the frame in the collapsed state has an area with an effective diameter ranging from about 2 mm to about 20 mm, from about 3 mm to about 18 mm, from about 4 mm to about 16 mm, from about 5 mm to about 14 mm, from about 6 mm to about 12 mm, from about 7 mm to about 10 mm, or any range therein. In some embodiments, the low profile has an area with a diameter of 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, 18 mm, or any range therein, including any increment of 1 mm in any such diameter or range therein. In some embodiments, the width (mm)×height (mm) of the frame in the collapsed state can be 9.0×5.0, 9.0×6.0, 9.0×7.0, 9.0×8.0, 9.0×9.0, and 9.0×10.0, or any deviation in dimension therein in increments of +/−0.1 mm. In some embodiments, the frame can have a transverse cross-sectional dimension, lateral or vertical in the expanded state ranging from 4.0 mm to 18 mm, from 5.0 mm to 19.0 mm, from 6.0 mm to 17.5 mm, from 7.0 mm to 17.0 mm, from 8.0 mm to 16.5 mm, from 9.0 mm to 16.0 mm, from 9.0 mm to 15.5 mm, from 6.5 mm to 15.5 mm, or any range or amount therein in increments of +/−0.1 mm.

The term “collapsed state” can be used to refer to a configuration of the frame in which the transverse cross-sectional area, or profile, is at least substantially at it's minimum, and the term “expanded state” can be used to refer to a configuration of the frame that is expanded at least substantially beyond the collapsed state. In this context, a frame is expanded at least “substantially” beyond the collapsed state when a bone graft window of the frame has opened from the closed configuration by at least a 20% increase area of the bone graft window from the collapsed state. In some embodiments, the frame is expanded at least “substantially” beyond the collapsed state when a bone graft window of the frame has opened by at least a 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, or more when compared to the bone graft window from the collapsed state. In some embodiments, the frame is expanded at least “substantially” beyond the collapsed state when a bone graft window of the frame has opened by at least 2×, 3×, 5×, 10×, 15×, 20×, or more when compared to the bone graft window from the collapsed state.

In some embodiments, the laterovertically expandable frames are created in an expanded state. And the expanded state can include a state that is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the full expansion. The term “full expansion” can be used to refer to an extent of expansion upon which a connector element begins to fatigue, fail, or crack; or, in some embodiments, strain beyond 10%, 20%, or 30%.

The frame 149 can be configured to have a first top beam 150 including a proximal portion 111 having an end, a grafting portion 112, and a distal portion (not shown) having an end, the first top beam 150 configured for contacting the first top-lateral surface 117 of the central beam and the first top-side surface 127 of the central beam 101 in the expanded state 149 e, the central axis of the first top beam at least substantially on (i) a top plane containing the central axis of the first top beam and the central axis of a second top beam and (ii) a first side plane containing the central axis of the first top beam and the central axis of a first bottom beam. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a second top beam 160 including a proximal portion 111 having an end, a grafting portion 112 having an end, and a distal portion (not shown) having an end, the second top beam 160 configured for contacting the second top-lateral surface 119 of the central beam 101 and the second top-side surface 132 of the central beam 101 in the expanded state 149 e, the central axis of the second top beam at least substantially on (i) the top plane and (ii) a second side plane containing the central axis of the second top beam and the central axis of a second bottom beam. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a first bottom beam 170 including a proximal portion 111 having an end, a grafting portion 112, and a distal portion (not shown) having an end, the first bottom beam 170 configured for contacting the first bottom-lateral surface 122 of the central beam 101 and the first bottom-side surface 129 of the central beam 101 in the expanded state 149 e, the central axis of the first bottom beam at least substantially on (i) a bottom plane containing the central axis of the first bottom beam and the central axis of a second top beam and (ii) the first side plane. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a second bottom beam 180 including a proximal portion 111 having an end, a grafting portion 112 having an end, and a distal region (not shown) having an end, the second bottom beam 160 configured for contacting the second bottom-lateral surface 124 of the central beam 101 and the second bottom-side surface 134 of the central beam 101 in the expanded state 149 e, the central axis of the second bottom beam being at least substantially on (i) the bottom plane and (ii) a second side plane containing the central axis of the second bottom beam and the second top beam.

In some embodiments, the central axis of the first top beam 150 can be at least substantially parallel to the central beam axis 105. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a second top beam 160 including a proximal portion 111 having an end, a grafting portion 112 having an end, and a distal portion (not shown) having an end, the second top beam 160 configured for contacting the second top-lateral surface 119 of the central beam 101 and the second top-side surface 132 of the central beam 101 in the expanded state 149 e, the central axis of the second top beam 160 being at least substantially parallel to the central beam axis 105. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a first bottom beam 170 including a proximal portion 111 having an end, a grafting portion 112, and a distal portion (not shown) having an end, the first bottom beam 170 configured for contacting the first bottom-lateral surface 122 of the central beam 101 and the first bottom-side surface 129 of the central beam 101 in the expanded state 149 e, the central axis of the first bottom beam 170 being at least substantially parallel to the central beam axis 105. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a second bottom beam 180 including a proximal portion 111 having an end, a grafting portion 112 having an end, and a distal region (not shown) having an end, the second bottom beam 160 configured for contacting the second bottom-lateral surface 124 of the central beam 101 and the second bottom-side surface 134 of the central beam 101 in the expanded state 149 e, the central axis of the second bottom beam 180 being at least substantially parallel to the central beam axis 105.

As shown in FIG. 1D, the systems provided herein have the layered effect from the frame on the central beam that provides an additive dimension, both laterally and vertically. The added dimension allows for a low profile entry of the system into the intervertebral disc space, a wide lateral profile after expansion in vivo to avoid backout, as well as a sleeve for safe insertion of the central beam between the top endplate and bottom endplate in the intervertebral space. In some embodiments, the first top beam, second top beam, first bottom beam, and second bottom beam can each have a transverse cross-sectional wall thickness adding to the respective central beam dimension, the thickness ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 5.0 mm, from about 0.75 mm to about 4.75 mm, from about 1.0 mm to about 4.5 mm, from about 1.25 mm to about 4.25 mm, from about 1.5 mm to about 4.0 mm, from about 1.75 mm to about 3.75 mm, from about 2.0 mm to about 3.5 mm, from about 2.25 mm to about 3.25 mm, or any range therein in increments of 0.05 mm. In some embodiments, the first top beam, second top beam, first bottom beam, and second bottom beam can each have a transverse cross-sectional wall thickness adding to the respective central beam dimension, the thickness ranging from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, including 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, or an amount therein in increments of 0.05 mm.

The beams of the laterovertically-expanding frame 149 can be operably connected through connector elements. As such, the frame 149 can include a plurality of proximal top connector elements 191 configured to expandably connect the proximal portion 111 of the first top beam 150 to the proximal portion 111 of the second top beam 160, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on a top plane containing the central axis of the first top beam 150 and the central axis of the second top beam 160. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a plurality of distal top connector elements (not shown) configured to expandably connect the distal portion of the first top beam 150 to the distal portion of the second top beam 160, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on the top plane.

Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a plurality of proximal bottom connector elements 193 configured to expandably connect the proximal portion 111 of the first bottom beam 170 to the proximal portion 111 of the second bottom beam 180, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on a bottom plane containing the central axis of the first bottom beam 170 and the central axis of the second bottom beam 180. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a plurality of distal bottom connector elements (not shown) configured to expandably connect the distal portion of the first bottom beam 170 to the distal portion of the second bottom beam 180, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on the bottom plane.

Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a plurality of proximal first side connector elements 195 configured to expandably connect the proximal portion 111 of the first top beam 150 to the proximal portion 111 of the first bottom beam 170, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on a first side plane containing the central axis of the first top beam 150 and the central axis of the first bottom beam 170; a plurality of distal first side connector elements (not shown) configured to expandably connect the distal portion of the first top beam 150 to the distal portion of the first bottom beam 170, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on the first side plane. Likewise the frame 149 can be configured to have a plurality of proximal second side connector elements 197 configured to expandably connect the proximal portion 111 of the second top beam 160 to the proximal portion 111 of the second bottom beam 170, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on a second side plane containing the central axis of the second top beam 160 and the central axis of the second bottom beam 180; a plurality of distal second side connector elements (not shown) configured to expandably connect the distal portion of the second top beam 160 to the distal portion of the second bottom beam 180, the expanding consisting of a flexing at least substantially on the second side plane.

In some embodiments, each plurality of proximal connector elements can be configured as proximal struts in an at least substantially parallel alignment in the expanded state and the collapsed state; and, each plurality distal connector elements are distal struts can be configured in an at least substantially parallel alignment in the expanded state and the collapsed state. As such, the proximal top struts can be configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the second top beam and adapted to flex toward the distal top struts during collapse; and, the distal top struts can be configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the second top beam and adapted to flex toward the proximal top struts during collapse. Likewise, the proximal bottom struts can be configured monolithically integral to the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam and adapted to flex toward the distal bottom struts during collapse; and, the distal bottom struts can be configured monolithically integral to the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam and adapted to flex toward the proximal bottom struts during collapse. Likewise, the proximal first side struts can be configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the first bottom beam and adapted to flex toward the distal first side struts during collapse; and, the distal first side struts can be configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the first bottom beam and adapted to flex toward the proximal first side struts during collapse. Likewise, the proximal second side struts can be configured monolithically integral to the second top beam and the second bottom beam and adapted to flex toward the distal second side struts during collapse; and, the distal second side struts can be configured monolithically integral to the second top beam and the second bottom beam and adapted to flex toward the proximal second side struts during collapse.

As shown in FIG. 1D, the frame 149 can be configured for slidably engaging with the central beam 101 in vivo following placement of the central beam 101 in the intervertebral space through the annular opening, the slidably engaging including translating the central beam 101 into the frame 149 from the proximal end 11 of the frame 149 toward the distal end of the frame 149 in vivo; the translating including keeping the central beam axis 105 at least substantially coincident with the central frame axis 113 during the translating to create the graft distribution system 100 in vivo through the annular opening. The system 100 can also be configured to form a top graft-slab depth 199 t between the top surface 115 of the central beam 101 and the top vertebral endplate; and, a bottom graft-slab depth 199 b (not shown) between the bottom surface 120 of the central beam 101 and the bottom vertebral endplate in vivo. And, in some embodiments, the transverse cross-section 110 of the system 100 in vivo is greater than the maximum lateral dimension of the annular opening to avoid backout.

One of skill will appreciate that the central beam can have any configuration that would be operable with the teachings provided herein. In some embodiments, criteria for a suitable central beam may include a combination of a material and configuration that provides a suitable stiffness. In some embodiments, the central beam can comprise an I-beam. An example of an I-beam configuration and a complementary laterovertically expandable cage are shown in FIGS. 1E and 1F.

One of skill will further appreciate that the central beam can have any one or any combination of graft port configurations that would be operable with the teachings provided herein. In some embodiments, criteria for a suitable graft port configuration may include a combination of port size, number of ports, and placement of ports. In some embodiments, the central beam can comprise a side graft port.

One of skill will further appreciate that the connector elements can vary in design but should meet the constraints as taught herein. In some embodiments, for example each of the connector elements 191,193,195,197 can have a cross-sectional aspect ratio of longitudinal thickness to transverse thickness ranging from 1:2 to 1:8. A section of a connector element is shown in FIG. 1G.

As such, the systems can also include an improved, low-profile, intervertebral disc cage that expands bidirectionally. Consistent with the teachings herein, the cages offer several improvements to the art that include, for example, preventing the cage from backing out of the annulus fibrosis after expansion in an intervertebral disc space. As such, the terms “cage,” “scaffold” and “scaffolding”, for example, can be used interchangeably with “laterovertically expandable frame”, “expandable frame”, or “frame”, in some embodiments. The cages have the ability to at least (i) laterally expand within the intervertebral space to avoid backout of the device through the annulotomy, (ii) vertically expand for distraction of the intervertebral space, (iii) provide additional space within the device in the annulus for the introduction of graft materials; (iv) maintain a large, footprint to distribute load over a larger area against the endplate, for example, by not contracting in length to expand in height and/or width; and, (v) insert into the annulus in a minimally-invasive manner using only a unilateral approach.

FIGS. 2A-2F illustrate a method of using a bidirectionally-expandable cage, according to some embodiments. As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, an annulus 205 is prepared with an annulotomy serving as a single point of entry 210 and an intervertebral space 215 for insertion of a bidirectionally expandable cage system 250. As shown in FIGS. 2C-2F, the system 250 has a cage 255 having a proximal end 256, a distal end 257, and a lumen 258 that communicates with the intervertebral space 215 through an expandable/collapsible bone graft window 259; a shim core 260 having a tapered nose 262 at the distal end of the shim core 260; a releasably attachable rail beam 265; a pusher 270 that slidably translates over the shim core 260 and the rail beam 265; a trial shim 275 having a shoulder 277 and slidably translating over the rail beam 265 and shim core 260 into the lumen 258 of the cage 255, and a permanent shim 280 having a shoulder 282 and slidably translating over the rail beam 265 and shim core 260 into the lumen 258 of the cage 255.

The procedure for implanting the cage 255 begins in FIG. 2A, including inserting a cannula (not shown) with a bullet-nosed obturator through the single point of entry 210 and inside the intervertebral disc space 215 until contacting the opposing wall of the annulus 205. The cannula (not shown) depth is used to select the desired length of the cage 255. The shim core 260 is loaded with bone graft material and the rail beam 265 is releasably attached to the shim core 260. The cage 255 is loaded onto the rail beam 265 and pushed onto the shim core 260 and into the cannula (not shown) using the pusher 270 until the distal end 257 of the cage 255 contacts the back of the tapered nose 262 of the shim core 260 as shown in FIG. 2A. The assembly of the shim core 260 and the cage 255 are inserted into the intervertebral space 215, and the cannula (not shown) is removed as shown in FIG. 2B. The lumen 258 of the cage 255 is loaded with bone graft material, and the trial shim 275 is slidably translated over the rail beam 265 and the shim core 260 into the lumen 258 of the cage 255 as shown in FIG. 2C. A variety of sizes of the trial shim 275 can be tested until the largest trial shim 275 that will fit is found, or until the trial shim having the desired vertical and lateral dimensions for expansion is used, in order to laterovertically expand the cage 255 as desired. The trial shim 275 is then removed, and the lumen 258 of the cage 255 is again filled with bone graft material with the shim core 260 remaining in place as shown in FIG. 2D. The permanent shim 280 is then slidably translated along the rail beam 265 and the shim core 260 into the intervertebral space 215 using the pusher 270 until the distal end 257 of the cage 255 contacts the back of the tapered nose 262 of the shim core 260 to maintain the desired laterovertical expansion of the cage 255 as shown in FIG. 2E. The rail beam 265 is then disconnected from the shim core 260 as shown in FIG. 2F.

It should be appreciated that the annulotomy can have nearly any dimension considered desirable to one of skill in the art. The annulotomy can have a vertical dimension, for example, that is the distance between a top vertebral plate and a bottom vertebral plate, the top vertebral plate and the bottom vertebral plate defining the upper and lower borders of the intervertebral disc space. In some embodiments, the vertical dimension can range from about 4 mm to about 12 mm, about 5 mm to about 11 mm, about 6 mm to about 10 mm, and about 7 mm to about 9 mm, about 6 mm to about 8 mm, about 6 mm, or any range or amount therein in increments of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the lateral dimension of the single point of entry can range from about 5 mm to about 15 mm, about 6 mm to about 14 mm, about 7 mm to about 13 mm, about 8 mm to about 12 mm, about 10 mm, or any range or amount therein in increments of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the single point of entry has an area with a diameter ranging from about 2 mm to about 20 mm, from about 3 mm to about 18 mm, from about 4 mm to about 16 mm, from about 5 mm to about 14 mm, from about 6 mm to about 12 mm, from about 7 mm to about 10 mm, or any range therein. In some embodiments, the low profile has an area with a diameter of 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, 18 mm, or any range therein, including any increment of 1 mm in any such diameter or range therein. The low profile dimensions of the cages taught herein are designed to fit within these dimensions.

One of skill will also appreciate that there are several methods and devices that could be used to expand the cage. In some embodiments, the expanding includes using a means for (i) laterovertically expanding the cage and (ii) creating a convex surface that at least substantially complements the concavity of a surface of a vertebral endplate that contacts the pair of top beams or the pair of bottom beams.

One of skill will also appreciate a method that distracts the intervertebral space and laterally expands the cage to avoid back-out. As such, in some embodiments, the expanding includes introducing a laterovertical expansion member into the intervertebral space through the single point of entry and into the cage, the laterovertical expansion member configured to provide a vertical force through the cage and into the top vertical endplate and bottom vertical endplate to distract the intervertebral space; and, a lateral force on the first side wall and the second side wall to expand the cage to a width that is greater than the lateral dimension of the single point of entry to prevent the bidirectionally-expandable cage from backing out of the annulus fibrosis after the expanding.

One of skill will also appreciate having a method for passing bone grafting material into the intervertebral space. As such, the laterovertical expansion member can include a port for introducing the grafting material into the intervertebral space. The methods and systems provided herein include the use of bone graft materials known to one of skill. Materials which may be placed or injected into the intervertebral space include solid or semi-solid grafting materials, bone from removed from patient's facet, an iliac crest harvest from the patient, and bone graft extenders such as hydroxyapatite, demineralized bone matrix, and bone morphogenic protein. Examples of solid or semi-solid grafting material components include solid fibrous collagen or other suitable hard hydrophilic biocompatible material. Some materials may also include swelling for further vertical expansion of the intervertebral disc space.

One of skill will also appreciate having a method for retaining the laterovertical expansion member in the cage. As such, the introducing can include engaging a ratchet mechanism comprising a protuberance on the laterovertical expansion member that engages with a strut of the cage to prevent the cage from backing out of the annulus fibrosis after the expanding. The ratchet mechanism can be, for example, similar to a zip-tie ratchet mechanism having a gear component and a pawl component. In some embodiments, the cage has the gear component, for example, including the struts; and, the laterovertical expansion member is a shim device having the pawl component, for example, a projection that can angle toward the proximal end of the expansion member or away from the direction of insertion of the shim device. In some embodiments, the cage has the pawl component, for example, including the struts; and, the laterovertical expansion member is a shim device having the gear component, for example, a series of projections. In some embodiments, a projection can angle from about 5° to about 75° toward the proximal end of the expansion member or away from the direction of insertion of the shim device.

One of skill will also appreciate having a method of designing the shape of the cage upon expansion. As such, in some embodiments, the expanding includes selecting a shim configured to create a convex surface on the top surface of the top wall to at least substantially complement the concavity of the respective top vertebral plate, and/or the bottom surface of the bottom wall to at least substantially complement the concavity of the respective bottom vertebral plate. In some embodiments, the expanding includes selecting a shim configured to vertically expand the distal end of the cage more than the proximal end of the cage. And, in some embodiments, the expanding includes selecting a shim configured to laterally expand the distal end of the cage more than the proximal end of the cage.

FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate collapsed and expanded views of a bidirectionally-expandable cage for fusing an intervertebral disc space, according to some embodiments. FIGS. 3A and 3C show an expanded configuration, and FIGS. 3B and 3D show a collapsed configuration. The cage 300 can comprise at least 4 walls 302,304,306,308 that form a cylinder having a long axis 309, the at least 4 walls 302,304,306,308 including a top wall 302 forming a top plane and having a top surface with protuberances (not shown) adapted to contact the top vertebral plate (not shown); a bottom wall 304 forming a bottom plane and having a bottom surface with protuberances (not shown) adapted to contact the bottom vertebral plate (not shown); a first side wall 306 forming a first side wall plane; and, a second side wall 308 forming a second side wall plane. In these embodiments, each of the walls 302,304,306,308 can have at least 2 longitudinal beams, such that a rectangular cylinder can have a total of 4 longitudinal beams 312,314,316,318; and, a plurality of struts 333 that (i) stack in the collapsed state of the cage 300, as shown in FIGS. 3B and 3D, to minimize void space in their respective wall for a low profile entry of the cage 300 both vertically and laterally into a single point of entry (not shown) into an intervertebral disc space (not shown) and (ii) deflect upon expansion to separate the at least 2 longitudinal beams of the total of 4 longitudinal beams 312,314,316,318 in the rectangular cylinder in their respective wall 302,304,306,308. In addition, the cage 300 can be configured to expand laterally in the intervertebral space (not shown) to a size greater than a lateral dimension of the single point of entry (not shown to prevent the bidirectionally-expandable cage 300 from backing out of the annulus fibrosis (not shown) after the expanding shown in FIGS. 3A and 3C.

It should be appreciated that the collapsed configuration includes the design of a low profile entry through the annulus fibrosis to allow for a minimally-invasive procedure. In order to facilitate the use of a minimally-invasive procedure, the low profile entry of the collapsed configuration should be a substantially small area of entry having a diameter ranging, for example, from about 5 mm to about 12 mm for the single point of entry through the annulus fibrosis. In some embodiments, the low profile has an area with a diameter ranging from about 2 mm to about 20 mm, from about 3 mm to about 18 mm, from about 4 mm to about 16 mm, from about 5 mm to about 14 mm, from about 6 mm to about 12 mm, from about 7 mm to about 10 mm, or any range therein. In some embodiments, the low profile has an area with a diameter of 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, 18 mm, or any range therein, including any increment of 1 mm in any such diameter or range therein.

One of skill will appreciate that a variety of strut configurations may be contemplated to minimize void space for the low profile entry of the cage into the intervertebral space. In some embodiments, each wall of the cage has a series of v-shaped struts 333 that (i) stack in a closed-complementary configuration 344 in the collapsed state to minimize void space in their respective wall for the low profile entry of the cage both vertically and laterally into the intervertebral space, and (ii) deflect upon expansion in a plane that is at least substantially parallel to the plane of their respective wall to an open-complementary configuration 355 to separate the at least 2 longitudinal beams of the total of 4 longitudinal beams 312,314,316,318 in the rectangular cylinder in their respective wall and open a bone graft window 366 to pass a bone graft material into the intervertebral space in the expanded configuration. In some embodiments, the cage 300 is configured to accommodate the lateral dimension of the single point of entry ranging from about 5 mm to about 15 mm.

The v-shaped struts can be “V” shaped slots projected through each of the cage walls starting at a distance of 2 mm (0.5-4) from each corner of the cage to effectively render the “V” shaped struts in the mid region of the wall faces, in which the struts can be fabricated as continuous with L shaped beams on the corners. The slots can be cut such that they are projected perpendicular to the faces or angled distally from the outside of the cage to the inside of the cage. The distally angled projection can facilitate insertion of the shims taught herein. And, the proximal faces of the corners of the beams can also have inward, distally angled chamfers to facilitate insertion of the shims taught herein. The struts can be uniform in thickness in the proximal-distal direction. In some embodiments, the struts range from about 0.2 mm to about 1.0 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 0.9 mm, from about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm in thickness, or any range therein in increments of about 0.1 mm. The vertex of the “V” strut can trace along the center axis of the each of the side faces and can be radiused to dimension of 0.031″ (0.005-0.062″), in some embodiments, to prevent stress cracking. Moreover, the shape of the strut or the slot projections can also be C, U, or W, in some embodiments. The struts can be 4 times thicker in the direction perpendicular to the long axis of the cage than in the direction of the long axis of the cage. In some embodiments, this thickness ratio can range from about 2× to about 8×, from about 3× to about 7×, from about 4× to about 6×, about 5×, or any range therein in increments of 1×. This thickness can help maintain a high structural stiffness and strength in the direction perpendicular to the proximal-distal axis so that the transverse cross section (perpendicular to the proximal-distal axis) shape is maintained during and after insertion of the cage into the intervertebral disc space.

In some embodiments, the angle of each strut can range from about 140°-170° as measured at the vertex in the non-stressed state. In these embodiments, the angle facilitates flexion of the legs of each strut towards each other upon moderate inward pressure to collapse the cage for insertion into the disc space. Furthermore the angled strut lies in a plane at least substantially parallel to the plane of it's respective wall, and in some embodiments to the long axis of the cage, so that the flexion does not alter the side wall thickness. This helps to maintain the low profile for insertion while maximizing the lumen size. This geometry combined with the solid beams on the corners helps ensure that the implant has a minimal change in length, less than 15% reduction in length as measured along the long axis, when expanded more than 20% vertically and/or horizontally. As such, the top and bottom of the cage that support the vertebra remain at least substantially constant in length regardless of expansion.

In some embodiments, the cage 300 has v-shaped struts 333 and a bone graft window 366 that (i) complements the v-shaped struts 333 in the collapsed configuration and (ii) opens upon expansion to pass a bone graft material into the intervertebral space in the open-complementary configuration 355, which can also be referred to as an expanded configuration. And, in some embodiments, the cage 300 has a proximal region 311, a proximal end 322, a distal region 388, a distal end 399, and at least one of the at least 4 walls 302,304,306,308 having a first series of v-shaped struts 333 that are configured to stack in a closed-complementary configuration 344 in the collapsed state to minimize void space for the low profile entry of the cage 300 into the intervertebral space; and, deflect upon expansion to an open-complementary configuration 355 to separate the at least 2 longitudinal beams of the total of 4 longitudinal beams 312,314,316,318 in the rectangular cylinder in their respective wall and open a bone graft window 366 adapted to pass a bone graft material into the intervertebral space in the expanded configuration; wherein, the first series of v-shaped struts 333F is located in the proximal region of the cage, the vertices of the first series of v-shaped struts 333F pointing away from the proximal end 322 of the cage 300 and toward the distal end 399 of the cage 300. In some embodiments, the cage 300 can further comprise a second series of v-shaped struts 333S that stack in a closed-complementary configuration 344 in the collapsed state to minimize void space for the low profile entry of the cage 300 into the intervertebral space; and, deflect upon expansion to an open-complementary configuration 355 to separate the at least 2 longitudinal beams of the total of 4 longitudinal beams 312,314,316,318 in the rectangular cylinder in their respective wall and open a bone graft window 366 adapted to pass a bone graft material into the intervertebral space in the expanded configuration; wherein, the second series of v-shaped struts 333S is located in the distal region 388 of the cage 300, the vertices of the second series of v-shaped struts 333S pointing away from the distal end 399 of the cage 300 and toward the proximal end 322 of the cage 300. In such embodiments, the strut configuration can result in the expansion of the first series of v-shaped struts 333F and the second series of v-shaped struts 333S creating a bone graft window 366 that opens to the bow-tie configuration shown in FIGS. 0.3A and 3C.

One of skill will also appreciate that the cage design provides flexibility in the relative amounts of lateral expansion and vertical expansion, as well as the relative amounts of expansion proximally and distally across the cage in either the lateral or vertical expansions. As such, in some embodiments, the cage is configured such that the ratio of the amount of lateral expansion to the amount of vertical expansion is variable. And, in some embodiments, the cage is configured such that the ratio of the amount of proximal expansion to the amount of distal expansion is variable for lateral expansion or vertical expansion.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate collapsed and expanded views of a bidirectionally-expandable cage having a bone graft window on each wall for fusing an intervertebral disc space, according to some embodiments. FIG. 4A shows the cage 400 in the collapsed configuration for a low-profile entry 405 into to single point of entry into an intervertebral disc space, and FIG. 4B shows the cage 400 in the expanded configuration to distract the intervertebral disc space and avoid back-out of the cage through the single point of entry after the expansion. As shown, each wall contains a bone graft window 466 for passing bone graft material into the intervertebral disc space.

FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate system for fusing an intervertebral disc space, according to some embodiments. As shown, the system 550 has a cage 555 having an expandable/collapsible bone graft window 566; a shim core 560 having a tapered nose 562 at the distal end of the shim core 560 and a bone graft window 566; a releasably attachable rail beam 565; a pusher (not shown) that slidably translates over the shim core 560 and the rail beam 565; a trial shim 575 having a shoulder 577 and slidably translating over the rail beam 565 and shim core 560 into the cage 555, and a permanent shim 580 having a shoulder 582 and slidably translating over the rail beam 565 and shim core 560 into the cage 555. The system can comprise a bidirectionally-expandable cage having at least 4 walls that form a cylinder having a long axis. The at least 4 walls can include, for example, a top wall forming a top plane and having a top surface with protuberances adapted to contact the top vertebral plate; a bottom wall forming a bottom plane and having a bottom surface with protuberances adapted to contact the bottom vertebral plate; and, a first side wall forming a first side wall plane, and a second side wall forming a second side wall plane. Each of the walls can have at least 2 longitudinal beams; and, a plurality of struts that (i) stack in the collapsed state to minimize void space in their respective wall for a low profile entry of the cage both vertically and laterally into a single point of entry into an intervertebral disc; and, (ii) deflect upon expansion to separate the at least 2 longitudinal beams in their respective wall. In some embodiments, the cage can be configured to expand laterally in the intervertebral space to a size greater than a lateral dimension of the single point of entry to prevent the bidirectionally-expandable cage from backing out of the annulus fibrosis after the expanding. Moreover, the system can include a laterovertical expansion member configured to induce the laterally expanding and the vertically expanding of the cage; and, a core configured to guide the laterovertical expansion member into the cage to induce the laterally expanding and the vertically expanding of the cage.

One of skill will appreciate that the laterovertical expansion member can also be configured to slidably engage with the core to translationally enter the cage in along the long axis of the cage. In some embodiments, the lateral expansion can occur concurrent with the vertical expansion and, in some embodiments, the lateral expansion can occur prior to the vertical expansion, for example, to reduce frictional stress on the cage during the lateral expansion. A two stage shim, for example, can be used. A first stage shim can be inserted to expand the cage laterally before inserting a second stage shim to expand the cage vertically. In some embodiments, the second stage shim can slidably translate along the first stage shim. The shim can be made of any material considered desirable to one of skill, for example, a metal or a polymer. In some embodiments, the shim can comprise a non-resorbable polymer material, an inorganic material, a metal, an alloy, or bone.

One of skill will appreciate that a system can include all or any combination of the above. As such, the teachings also include system for fusing an intervertebral disc space, the system comprising a bidirectionally-expandable cage having a proximal region, a proximal end, a distal region, a distal end, and at least 4 walls, the cage fabricated as a continuous single piece. In these embodiments, the at least 4 walls form a cylinder having a long axis and include a top wall forming a top plane and having a top surface with protuberances adapted to contact the top vertebral plate; a bottom wall forming a bottom plane and having a bottom surface with protuberances adapted to contact the bottom vertebral plate; and, a first side wall forming a first side wall plane, and a second side wall forming a second side wall plane. Each of the walls can have at least 2 longitudinal beams and a plurality of struts.

At least one of the walls can have a first series of v-shaped struts that are configured to stack in a closed-complementary configuration in the collapsed state to minimize void space for a low profile entry of the cage through a single point of entry into an intervertebral disc space; and, deflect upon expansion to an open-complementary configuration to separate the at least 2 longitudinal beams in their respective wall and open a bone graft window adapted to pass a bone graft material into the intervertebral space in the expanded configuration. The first series of v-shaped struts can be located in the proximal region of the cage, the vertices of the first series of v-shaped struts pointing away from the proximal end of the cage and toward the distal end of the cage; and, the cage can be configured to expand laterally in the intervertebral space to a size greater than a lateral dimension of the single point of entry to prevent the bidirectionally-expandable cage from backing out of the annulus fibrosis after the expanding. A laterovertical expansion member can be configured to induce the laterally expanding and the vertically expanding of the cage; and, a core can be configured to guide the laterovertical expansion member into the proximal end of the cage, and along the long axis of the cage, to expand the cage laterally and vertically. Moreover, the laterovertical expansion member can slidably engage with the core to translationally enter the cage along the long axis of the cage.

One of skill will appreciate that the systems and system components can be manufactured using any method known to one of skill in the manufacture of such intricate metal and/or polymeric components. For example, the cage can be fabricated in a partially expanded state or a fully expanded state. Moreover, the cage can be manufactured to have no internal stress or strain in the partially or fully expanded state when no external loading is applied.

The system components can comprise any suitable material, or any combination of materials, known to one of skill. For example, all components can be metal, all components can be plastic, or the components can be a combination of metal and plastic. One of skill will appreciate that the cages can have performance characteristics that are near that of a bone structure, in some embodiments, such that the scaffoldings are not too stiff or hard, resulting in a localized loading issue in which the scaffolding puts too much pressure on native bone tissue, and likewise such that the scaffoldings are too flexible or soft, resulting in a localized loading issue in which the bone tissue puts too much pressure on the scaffolding. A radio-opaque material can be employed to facilitate identifying the location and position of the scaffolding in the spinal disc space. Examples of such materials can include, but are not limited to, platinum, tungsten, iridium, gold, or bismuth.

One of skill can select materials on the basis of desired material performance characteristics. For example, one of skill will look to performance characteristics that can include static compression loading, dynamic compression loading, static torsion loading, dynamic torsion loading, static shear testing, dynamic shear testing, expulsion testing, and subsidence testing. The parameters for upper and lower limits of performance for these characteristics can fall within the range of existing such spinal devices that bear the same or similar environmental conditions during use. For example, a desired static compression loading can be approximately 5000N. A desired dynamic compression loading can have an asymptotic load level of ≥3000N at 5×10⁶ cycles or ≥1500N at 10×10⁶ cycles. The desired load level can range, for example, from about 1.0× to about 2.0×, from about 1.25× to about 1.75×, or any range therein in increments of 0.1×, the vertebral body compression strength. Examples of standard procedures used to test such performance characteristics include ASTM F2077 and ASTM F2624.

Examples of suitable materials can include non-reinforced polymers, carbon-reinforced polymer composites, PEEK (polyether ketone) and PEEK composites, polyetherimide (ULTEM), polysulfone, polyimide, polyamide or carbon fiber. Other examples include metals and alloys comprising any one or more components including, but not limited to, shape-memory alloys, nickel, titanium, titanium alloys, cobalt chrome alloys, stainless steel, ceramics and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the components are all titanium or titanium alloy; all PEEK; or a combination of titanium or titanium alloy and PEEK. In some embodiments, the cage comprises titanium or titanium alloy, and the shim comprises PEEK. In some embodiments, the scaffolding can comprise a metal frame and cover made of PEEK or ULTEM. Examples of titanium alloys can include alloys of titanium, aluminum, and vanadium, such as Ti₆Al₄V in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the cage can be fabricated from strong and ductile polymers having a tensile modulus of about 400,000 psi or more, and a tensile strength of about 14,000 psi or more. Such polymers may also have the ability to strain more than 4% to break, and perhaps at least 20% to break in some embodiments. The materials can be stiffened by being filled with glass fibers or carbon fibers in some embodiments.

Bone ingrowth is desirable in many embodiments. As such, the scaffolding can comprise materials that contain holes or slots to allow for such bone ingrowth. Consistently, the scaffoldings can be coated with hydroxyapatite, or other bone conducting surface, for example, bone morphogenic protein, to facilitate bone ingrowth. Moreover, the surfaces of the scaffoldings can be formed as rough surfaces with protuberances, insets, or projections of any type known to one of skill, such as teeth or pyramids, for example, to grip vertebral endplates, avoid migration of the scaffolding, and encourage engagement with bone ingrowth.

The methods and systems provided herein include the use of bone graft materials known to one of skill. Materials which may be placed or injected into the intevertebral space include solid or semi-solid grafting materials, bone from removed from patient's facet, an iliac crest harvest from the patient, and bone graft extenders such as hydroxyapatite, demineralized bone matrix, and bone morphogenic protein. Examples of solid or semi-solid grafting material components include solid fibrous collagen or other suitable hard hydrophilic biocompatible material. Some materials may also include swelling for further vertical expansion of the intervertebral disc space.

The systems taught herein can be provided to the art in the form of kits. A kit can contain, for example, a cage, a vertical expansion member, and a bone graft material. In some embodiments, the kit will contain an instruction for use. The vertical expansion member can be any vertical expansion mechanism or means taught herein. For example, the vertical expansion member can be a shim. In some embodiments, the kit includes a graft-injection shim for temporarily distracting the intervertebral space, the graft-injection shim having a port for receiving and distributing the bone graft material in the intervertebral space. In these embodiments, the graft-injection shim can remain as a permanent shim or be removed and replaced with a permanent shim.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method of using a bidirectionally-expandable cage, according to some embodiments. The methods can include creating 605 a single point of entry into an intervertebral disc, the intervertebral disc having a nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosis, and the single point of entry having a lateral dimension created through the annulus fibrosis. The methods can also include removing 615 the nucleus pulposus from within the intervertebral through the single point of entry, leaving an intervertebral space for expansion of a bidirectionally-expandable cage within the annulus fibrosis, the intervertebral space having a top vertebral plate and a bottom vertebral plate. The methods can also include inserting 625 a bidirectionally-expandable cage through the single point of entry into the intervertebral space. Moreover, the methods can include expanding 635 the cage in the intervertebral space both laterally and vertically, adding 645 a grafting material to the intervertebral space through the single point of entry, and inserting 665 a permanent shim into the cage.

One of skill will appreciate having the ability to control the amounts of vertical expansion and lateral expansion of the cage to accommodate a variety of applications, for example, to accommodate a variety annulotomy dimensions used for the single point of entry. As such, in some embodiments, the expanding 635 includes selecting 655 an amount of lateral expansion independent of an amount of vertical expansion. The lateral expanding of the cage can be selected, for example, to exceed the lateral dimension of the single point of entry through an annulotomy by a desired amount to avoid, or prevent, the cage from backing out of the intervertebral space after expansion.

As such, methods of fusing an intervertebral space are provided herein using any of the graft distribution systems taught herein. The methods can include creating a single point of entry into an intervertebral disc, the intervertebral disc having a nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosis, and the single point of entry having the maximum lateral dimension created through the annulus fibrosis. The methods can also include removing the nucleus pulposus from within the intervertebral disc through the single point of entry, leaving the intervertebral space for expansion of the graft distribution system within the annulus fibrosis, the intervertebral space having the top vertebral plate and the bottom vertebral plate. The methods can also include inserting the laterovertically expanding frame in the collapsed state through the single point of entry into the intervertebral space; and, inserting the central beam into the frame to form the graft distribution system. Moreover, the methods can also include adding a grafting material to the intervertebral space through the entry port.

FIGS. 7A-7F illustrate some additional features of graft distribution systems, according to some embodiments. The graft distribution systems 700 provided herein have at least a top exit port 740 and a bottom exit port 741 in the grafting portion of the central beam 701, but they can also contain side ports 742,743, such that there at least 4 graft distribution ports in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the central beam 701 further comprises a first side graft port 742 and a second side graft port 743, in addition to a locking clip 702 at the proximal end of the central beam. In some embodiments, the laterovertically-expanding frame 749 can be a monolithically integral frame, optionally having a “bullet nose” 703 at the distal end of the frame for safe position of the cage against the anterior inner annulus in vivo, and adapted to open a graft distribution window 788 on at least the top and bottom sides, as well as the first side and second side in some embodiments containing side ports, upon expansion of the connector elements to facilitate graft distribution within the intervertebral space.

The distal end of the frame 749 can be configured to have a laterovertically operable connection with a guide plate 707 that restricts the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam to laterovertical movement relative to the guide plate when converting the frame from the collapsed state to the expanded state in vivo. And, in some embodiments, the laterovertically-expandable frame has a lumen, and the guide plate has a luminal side with a connector 708 for reversibly receiving a guide wire for inserting the laterovertically-expandable frame into the intervertebral space. In some embodiments, the frame has a chamfer inside the proximal end of the frame beams to facilitate insertion of central beam. And, in many embodiments, the frames have means for creating friction between the vertebral endplates and the frame, such as protuberances, for example cleat-type structures 704, to further avoid backout.

As can be seen in at least FIG. 7, the bone graft distribution systems provided herein include bone graft windows defined by the connector elements, the bone graft windows opening upon expansion of the laterovertically expanding frame. In some embodiments, the method further comprises opening a bone graft window, wherein the connector elements include v-shaped struts that (i) stack either proximally or distally in a closed-complementary configuration in the collapsed state to minimize void space for a low profile entry of the system both vertically and laterally into the intervertebral space, and (ii) deflect upon expansion to open the bone graft window.

It should be appreciated that the bone graft distribution systems provided herein also allow for independent expansion laterally and vertically by expanding in steps. In some embodiments, the expanding includes selecting an amount of lateral expansion independent of an amount of vertical expansion. And, in some embodiments, the lateral expansion exceeds the width of the annular opening that is the single point of entry into the intervertebral space. For example, the lateral dimension of the single point of entry can range from about 5 mm to about 15 mm in some embodiments. As such, in some embodiments, the expanding includes expanding the laterovertically expanding frame laterally to a width that exceeds the width of the single point of entry; and, inserting the central beam to expand the laterovertically expanding frame vertically to create the graft distribution system.

The bone graft distribution systems provided herein also have additional means for retaining the central beam in the laterovertically expanding frame. In some embodiments, the inserting of the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame includes engaging a ratchet mechanism comprising a protuberance on the central beam that engages with the laterovertically-expanding frame to prevent the central beam from backing out of the laterovertically-expanding frame after the expanding.

Moreover, the bone graft distribution systems provided herein can be in the form of a kit. The kits can include, for example, a graft distribution system taught herein, a cannula for inserting the graft distribution system into the intervertebral space, a guidewire adapted for guiding the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame, and an expansion handle for inserting the central beam into the laterovertically expanding frame to form the graft distribution system.

FIGS. 8A-8D illustrate components of a kit, according to some embodiments. FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate a 4-sided funnel cannula 805 as taught herein having a shaft 810 forming a channel 815, a funnel 820 for guiding a laterovertically expandable frame into an annulus in a low-profile configuration, the cannula shown with an obturator 825 in the channel 815 of the cannula 805, the cannula 805 inserted posterolaterally through an annulotomy 877 in the annulus 888, into an intervertebral space 899, with the distal end of the cannula 805 position near the inner anterior wall of the annulus 888. FIG. 8C illustrates FIG. 8A with a guidewire used to insert the laterovertically expandable frame 749 into the funnel 820 of the cannula 805 to guide the frame 749 into the annulus 888 in the low profile, collapsed state of the frame 749. FIG. 8D illustrates an expansion handle 855 having trigger 856 that pushes a pushrod 857 along the guidewire 866 while holding the guidewire to push on the proximal end of the central beam 701 to insert the central beam 701 into the frame 749 to expand the frame 749 by applying equal, or substantially equal forces: a proximally-directed force, F_(p), at the connection 708 between the guide plate 707 and the guide wire 866 onto the distal portion of the beams of the frame 749, and a distally-directed force, F_(D), at the proximal end of the central beam 701.

FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate the expansion of a laterovertically-expandable frame in an intervertebral space, according to some embodiments. FIG. 9A shows a collapsed frame 949 receiving a central beam 901 along a guidewire 966. FIG. 9B shows the central beam 901 partially inserted into the frame 949 in an expanded state, the guidewire 966 still in place FIG. 9C shows how the expanded state may appear when inserted posterolaterally and expanded in the intervertebral space in an annulus 988. Side ports 942,943 for bone graft distribution are shown through an open bone graft window in the expanded frame 749.

FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate profiles of an expanded graft distribution system to highlight the exit ports and bone graft windows, according to some embodiments. Profiles of an expanded frame 1049, highlighting bone graft windows 1088 and graft ports 1040,1041,1042,1043 as they may appear in an intervertebral space after an implant procedure. The guidewire 1066 is shown as remaining in place.

FIGS. 11A and 11B compare an illustration of the graft distribution in place to a test placement in a cadaver to show relative size, according to some embodiments. Likewise, FIGS. 12A-12C show x-rays of a placement in a cadaver, according to some embodiments.

As described above, the frame 149 can be configured such that the central axis of the first top beam 150 is at least substantially on (i) the top plane and (ii) the first side plane; the central axis of the second top beam 160 is at least substantially on (i) the top plane and (ii) the second side plane; the central axis of the first bottom beam 170 is at least substantially on (i) the bottom plane and (ii) the first side plane; and, the central axis of the second bottom beam being at least substantially on (i) the bottom plane and (ii) the second side plane. It should be appreciated that this configuration provides a “top face” framed by the first top beam and the second top beam, a “bottom face” framed by the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam, a “first side face” framed by the first top beam and the first bottom beam, and a “second side face” framed by the second top beam and the second bottom beam.

In some embodiments, it can be desirable to have the frame expand to shape that is predesigned to fit between the top endplate and the bottom endplate of the intervertebral space in a manner that calls, for example, for opposing faces of the frames to be something other than “at least substantially parallel.” For example, it may be desired to have the two opposing sides of the frame expand such that the central axis of the first top beam is no longer at least substantially parallel to the central axis of the second top beam. Likewise, it may be desired to have the two opposing sides of the frame expand such that the central axis of the first bottom beam is no longer at least substantially parallel to the central axis of the second bottom beam. Likewise, it may be desired to have the opposing top and bottom sides of the frame expand such that the central axis of the first top beam is no longer at least substantially parallel to the central axis of the first bottom beam. Likewise, it may be desired to have the opposing top and bottom sides of the frame expand such that the central axis of the second top beam is no longer at least substantially parallel to the central axis of the second bottom beam. Or, any combination of the above may be desired. The laterovertically expandable frames taught herein enable each of these desirable configurations.

FIGS. 13A-13D show orientations of the first top beam relative to the second top beam, first bottom beam relative to the second bottom beam, first top beam relative to the first bottom beam, and the second top beam relative to the second bottom beam, according to some embodiments. FIG. 13A shows the first top beam 150 relative to the second top beam 160, in which the angle θ_(T) is formed by the two beams to shape the top face of the frame. FIG. 13B shows the first bottom beam 170 relative to the second bottom beam 180, in which the angle θ_(B) is formed by the two beams to shape the bottom face of the frame. FIG. 13C shows the first top beam 150 relative to the first bottom beam 170, in which the angle θ_(FS) is formed by the two beams to shape the first side face of the frame. FIG. 13D shows the second top beam 160 relative to the second bottom beam 180, in which the angle θ_(SS) is formed by the two beams to shape the second side face of the frame. In some embodiments, each of θ_(T), θ_(B), θ_(FS), and θ_(SS) can be independently selected and each can range from 0° to 32°, from 0.5° to 31.5°, from 0.1° to 31.0°, from 1.5° to 30.5°, from 2.0° to 30.0°, from 2.5° to 29.5°, from 3.0° to 29.0°, from 3.5° to 28.5°, from 4.0° to 28.0°, from 4.5° to 27.5°, from 5.0° to 27°, from 5.5° to 26.5°, from 6.0° to 26.0°, from 6.5° to 25.5°, from 7.0° to 25.0°, from 7.5° to 25.5°, from 8.0° to 26.0°, from 8.5° to 26.5°, from 9.0° to 26.0°, from 9.5° to 25.5°, from 10.0° to 25.0°, from 10.5° to 24.5°, from 11.0° to 24.0°, from 11.5° to 23.5°, from 12.0° to 23.0°, from 12.5° to 22.5°, from 13.0° to 22.0°, from 13.5° to 21.5°, from 14.5° to 21.0°, from 15.5° to 20.5°, from 16.0° to 20.0°, from 16.5° to 19.5°, from 17.0° to 19.0°, or any range therein in increments of 0.1°. In some embodiments, each of θ_(T), θ_(B), θ_(FS), and θ_(SS) can be independently selected and each can be about 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 7°, 8°, 9°, 10°, 11°, 12°, 13°, 14°, 15°, 16°, 17°, 18°, 19°, 20°, 21°, 22°, 23°, 24°, 25°, 26°, 27°, 28°, 29°, 30°, 31°, 32°, 33°, 34°, 35°, or any angle therein in increments of 0.1°.

It should be appreciated that the beams can each be independently designed to have its own, independently selected curvature, whether convex or concave, and the curvatures can be the same or different between beams that share a face of the frame. And, the curvatures can be opposing for beams that form opposing faces of the frame. Moreover, the frame can have a mixture of one or more straight and one or more curved beams.

Given the above, it should be appreciated that the frames can be designed according to nearly any opening bordered by the top vertebral endplate and bottom vertebral endplate of an intervertebral space, as well as according to a given clinical treatment regardless of the opening dimensions prior to treatment. In some embodiments, the top face of the frame can be at least substantially parallel to the bottom face of the frame, whereas the first side face of the frame and the second side face of the frame can be oriented at angles θ_(T) and θ_(B), wherein θ_(T) and θ_(B) can be independently selected to be the same or different. Likewise, in some embodiments, the first side face of the frame can be at least substantially parallel to the second side face of the frame, whereas the top face of the frame and the bottom face of the frame can be oriented at angles θ_(FS) and θ_(SS), wherein θ_(FS) and θ_(SS) can be independently selected to be the same or different. In some embodiments, each of θ_(T), θ_(B), θ_(FS), and θ_(SS) can be independently selected to range from about 5° to about 32°, from about 7° to about 22°, and from about 8° to about 16°, in some embodiments. As such, any of a variety of frames can be constructed from any of a variety of quadrilateral structures having the angles taught herein.

In some embodiments, the systems include a stabilizer that slidably engages with the distal region of the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, the second bottom beam, or a combination thereof. The stabilizer serves the function of the guide plate taught herein and can also be configured for retaining the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, the second bottom beam, or the combination thereof, from a lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state.

And, in some embodiments, the framing can be configured for engaging with the central beam in vivo to support the framing in the expanded state. Moreover, the connector elements can be struts configured to have a cross-sectional aspect ratio of longitudinal thickness to transverse thickness ranging from 1:2 to 1:8, adapted to maintain structural stiffness in the laterovertically expanding frame in a direction perpendicular to the central frame axis of the expanded state of the frame. In some embodiments, the connector elements can be struts configured to have a cross-sectional aspect ratio of longitudinal thickness to transverse thickness ranging from about 1:1.1 to about 1:20, from about 1:1.2 to about 1:12, from about 1:1.3 to about 1:13, from about 1:1.4 to about 1:14, from about 1:1.5 to about 1:15, from about 1:1.6 to about 1:16 from about 1:1.7 to about 1:17, from about 1:1.8 to about 1:18 from about 1:1.9 to about 1:19, or any range therein. In some embodiments, the connector elements can be struts configured to have a cross-sectional aspect ratio of longitudinal thickness to transverse thickness of about 1:1.1, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.9, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.9, about 1:3.1, about 1:3.3, about 1:3.5, about 1:3.7, about 1:3.9, about 1:4.1, about 1:4.3, about 1:4.5, about 1:4.7, about 1:4.9, about 1:5.1, about 1:5.3, about 1:5.5, about 1:5.7, about 1:5.9, about 1:6.1, about 1:6.3, about 1:6.5, about 1:6.7, about 1:6.9, about 1:7.1, about 1:7.3, about 1:7.5, about 1:7.7, about 1:7.9, about 1:8.1, about 1:8.3, about 1:8.5, about 1:8.7, about 1:8.9, about 1:9.1, about 1:9.3, about 1:9.5, about 1:9.7, about 1:9.9, about 1:10.1, about 1:10.3, about 1:10.5, about 1:10.7, about 1:10.9, about 1:10.1, about 1:10.3, about 1:10.5, about 1:10.7, about 1:10.9, about 1:11.1, about 1:11.3, about 1:11.5, about 1:11.7, about 1:11.9, about 1:12.1, about 1:12.3, about 1:12.5, about 1:12.7, about 1:12.9, about 1:13.1, about 1:13.3, about 1:13.5, about 1:13.7, about 1:13.9, about 1:14.1, about 1:14.3, about 1:14.5, about 1:14.7, about 1:14.9, about 1:15.1, about 1:15.3, about 1:15.5, about 1:15.7, about 1:15.9, about 1:16.1, about 1:16.3, about 1:16.5, about 1:16.7, about 1:16.9, about 1:17.1, about 1:17.3, about 1:17.5, about 1:17.7, about 1:17.9, about 1:18.1, about 1:18.3, about 1:18.5, about 1:18.7, about 1:18.9, about 1:19.1, about 1:19.3, about 1:19.5, about 1:19.7, about 1:19.9, about 1:20.1, about 1:20.3, about 1:20.5, about 1:20.7, about 1:20.9, or any range there in increments of 0.1 in the longitudinal thickness and/or transverse thickness component of the ratio, such that the strut is adapted to maintain structural stiffness in the laterovertically expanding frame in a direction perpendicular to the central frame axis of the expanded state of the frame.

FIGS. 14A-14D illustrate components of a system having a stabilizer, wherein the stabilizer is in an X-configuration, according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 14A, the system 1400 can include a stabilizer 1407 that can be in an X-configuration. In some embodiments, the X-configuration can have a first top leg TL₁ for slidably-engaging with the first top beam 1450 at an angle θ_(1T) with the intended lateral movement LM_(1T) of the first top beam 1450, first bottom leg BL₁ for slidably engaging with the first bottom beam 1470 at an angle θ_(1B) with the intended lateral movement LM_(1B) of the first bottom beam 1470, a second top leg TL₂ for slidably engaging with the second top beam 1480 at an angle θ_(2T) with the intended lateral movement LM_(2T) of the second top beam 1460, and a second bottom leg BL₂ for slidably engaging with the second bottom beam 1480 at an angle θ_(2B) with the intended lateral movement LM_(2B) of the second bottom beam 1480.

In some embodiments, each of the angles θ_(1T), θ_(1B), θ_(2T), θ_(2B), respectively, provide a tensile force for resisting the first top beam 1450, the first bottom beam 1470, the second top beam 1460, and the second bottom beam 1480 from the lateral movement LM_(1T), LM_(2T), LM_(1B), LM_(2B) that exceeds the expanded state. In some embodiments, each of the angles θ_(1T), θ_(1B), θ_(2T), θ_(2B) can be independently selected from an amount of angulation ranging from about 15° to about 75°, from about 20° to about 75°, from about 25° to about 75°, from about 30° to about 75°, from about 35° to about 75°, from about 55° to about 75°, from about 15° to about 70°, from about 15° to about 65°, from about 15° to about 60°, from about 15° to about 55°, from about 15° to about 50°, from about 15° to about 45°, or any range therein. In some embodiments, each of the angles θ_(1T), θ_(1B), θ_(2T), θ_(2B) can be independently selected from an amount of angulation that is about 10°, about 15°, about 20°, about 25°, about 30°, about 35°, about 40°, about 45°, about 50°, about 55°, about 60°, about 65°, about 70°, about 75°, about 80°, or any angulation therein in amounts of 1°.

In some embodiments, the stabilizer 1407 further comprises a point of attachment 1408 for releasably attaching a guidewire (not shown) for guiding the central beam 1401 into the laterovertically expanding frame comprising the first top beam 1450, the second top beam 1460, the first bottom beam 1470, and the second bottom beam 1480. And, in some embodiments, the first top leg TL₁, the first bottom leg BL₁, the second top leg TL₂, and the second bottom leg BL₂ converge to form a hub 1408H having a point of attachment 1408 on the posterior surface of the hub 1408H for releasably attaching a guidewire (not shown) for guiding the central beam 1401 into the laterovertically expanding frame. The point of attachment might be, for example, a male or female threaded component, or any other releasable connector known to one of skill. And, the beams 1450,1460,1470,1480 can be configured with ports TP₁, TP₂, BP₂, BP₂ for passage of the respective legs TL₁, TL₂, BL₁, BL₂ of the stabilizer 1407. FIGS. 14B and 14C show the system in a collapsed configuration and expanded side configuration, respectively. In some embodiments, the central beam 1401 can include one or more bone graft distribution ports 1466. And, as in other embodiments taught herein, the beams 1450,1460,1470,1480 can be interconnected using flexible struts 1495.

FIGS. 15A-15D illustrate components of a system having a stabilizer, wherein the stabilizer is in an H-configuration, according to some embodiments. The H-configuration can have a first vertical leg VL₁, a second vertical leg VL₂, and a cross-member CM that connects the first vertical leg VL₁ at least substantially parallel to the second vertical leg VL₂, the first vertical leg VL₁ including a first retaining surface RS₁ for engaging with the first top beam 1550 and the first bottom beam 1570, the second vertical leg VL₂ including a second retaining surface RS₂ for engaging with the second top beam 1560 and the second bottom beam 1580, and the cross member CM providing a tensile force for resisting the first top beam 1550, the first bottom beam 1570, the second top beam 1560, and the second bottom beam 1580 from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state. In some embodiments, the central beam 1501 has a horizontal groove HG configured complementary to the cross-member CM of the stabilizer 1507, and the horizontal groove HG of the central beam 1501 slidably connects with the cross-member CM in the expanded state. In some embodiments, the cross-member CM further comprises a vertical support member VSM and the central beam 1501 has a vertical groove VG configured complementary to the vertical support member VSM of the stabilizer, and the vertical groove VG of the central beam 1501 slidably connects with the vertical support member VSM in the expanded state. In some embodiments, the stabilizer 1507 further comprises a point of attachment 1508 at a hub 1508H for releasably attaching a guidewire (not shown) adapted for guiding the central beam 1501 into the laterovertically expanding frame comprising the first top beam 1550, the second top beam 1560, the first bottom beam 1570, and the second bottom beam 1580. The point of attachment might be, for example, a male or female threaded component, or any other releasable connector known to one of skill. And, the beams 1550,1560,1570,1580 can be configured with slots S₁, S₂ in which the vertical legs VL₁, VL₂ can travel during the lateral expansion of the beams 1550,1560,1570,1580 of the expandable frame. And, in some embodiments, cross-member CM includes a first pillar P₁ and a second pillar P₂ that operably connect at a hub that has the point of attachment 1508 for releasably attaching the guidewire (not shown) for guiding the central beam 1501 into the laterovertically expanding frame. In some embodiments, the central beam 1501 can include one or more bone graft distribution ports 1566. And, as in other embodiments taught herein, the beams 1550,1560,1570,1580 can be interconnected using flexible struts 1595.

FIGS. 16A-16I illustrate components of a system having a cage with a combination of a stabilizer and a tensioner, and a central beam configured for expanding the cage, according to some embodiments. FIGS. 16A-16E show the cage without a central beam to illustrate features of a cage, and FIGS. 16F-16I show the cage with a central beam to illustrate the system in an expanded state. The stabilizer can have any configuration that performs the functions set-forth herein for such a stabilizer. For example, the stabilizer can have an X-configuration or an H-configuration in these embodiments, at least as set-forth herein in at least FIGS. 14A-14D and FIGS. 15A-15D discussed above. FIG. 16A provides a perspective view of a cage 1600 that may be used in such a system, the cage 1600 having a first top beam 1650, a first bottom beam 1670, a second top beam 1660, and a second bottom beam 1680, the beams interconnected by flexible struts 1695 that allow for bilateral expansion and collapse of the cage 1600. Interestingly, in some embodiments, the cage 1600 can include one or more tensioners such as, for example, tension straps 1699.

FIG. 16B provides a top perspective view of lateral expansion, for example, of the cage 1600 as it is configured for receiving a stabilizer having an H-configuration. A first pair of recesses R₁ are provided in the cage 1600 for receiving a first vertical leg VL₁ (see FIGS. 15A-15D), and second pair of recesses R₂ are provided in the cage 1600 for receiving a second vertical leg VL₂ (see FIGS. 15A-15D), and a cross-member CM (see FIG. 15A) that connects the first vertical leg VL₁ (see FIGS. 15A-15D) at least substantially parallel to the second vertical leg VL₂ (see FIGS. 15A-15D), the first vertical leg VL₁ (see FIGS. 15A-15D) including a first retaining surface RS₁ (see FIG. 15C) for engaging with the first top beam 1650 and the first bottom beam 1670, the second vertical leg VL₂ (see FIGS. 15A-15D) including a second retaining surface RS₂ (see FIG. 15C) for engaging with the second top beam 1660 and the second bottom beam 1680, and the cross member CM (see FIG. 15A) providing a tensile force for resisting the first top beam 1650, the first bottom beam 1670, the second top beam 1660, and the second bottom beam 1680 from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state. In some embodiments, the central beam 1601 (not shown) has a horizontal groove HG (see FIG. 15A) configured complementary to the cross-member CM (see FIG. 15A) of the stabilizer 1607 (see FIGS. 15A-15D), and the horizontal groove HG (see FIG. 15A) of the central beam 1601 slidably connects with the cross-member CM (see FIG. 15A) in the expanded state. In some embodiments, the cross-member CM (see FIG. 15A) further comprises a vertical support member VSM (see FIGS. 15B and 15C) and the central beam 1601 has a vertical groove VG (see FIG. 15A) configured complementary to the vertical support member VSM (see FIGS. 15B and 15C) of the stabilizer (see FIGS. 15A-15D), and the vertical groove VG (see FIG. 15A) of the central beam 1601 slidably connects with the vertical support member VSM (see FIGS. 15B and 15C) in the expanded state. In some embodiments, the stabilizer 1607 (see FIGS. 15A-15D) further comprises a point of attachment 1608 (see FIG. 15D, 1508) at a hub 1608H (see FIG. 15D, 1508H) for releasably attaching a guidewire (not shown) adapted for guiding the central beam 1601 into the laterovertically expanding frame comprising the first top beam 1650, the second top beam 1660, the first bottom beam 1670, and the second bottom beam 1680. The point of attachment might be, for example, a male or female threaded component, or any other releasable connector known to one of skill. And, as shown in at least FIGS. 16A-16C, the beams 1650,1660,1670,1680 can be configured with slots S₁, S₂ in which the vertical legs VL₁, VL₂ can travel during the lateral expansion of the beams 1650,1660,1670,1680 of the expandable frame.

In some embodiments, cross-member CM (see FIG. 15A) includes a first pillar P₁ (see FIG. 15D) and a second pillar P₂ (see FIG. 15D) that operably connect at a hub that has the point of attachment 1608 (see FIG. 15D, 1508) for releasably attaching the guidewire (not shown) for guiding the central beam 1601 into the laterovertically expanding frame. In some embodiments, the central beam 1601 can include one or more bone graft distribution ports 1666. And, as in other embodiments taught herein, the beams 1650,1660,1670,1680 can be interconnected using flexible struts 1695. Moreover, the beams 1650,1660,1670,1680 can have cleats 1604 to help avoid backout of the cage 1600 from the intervertebral space.

One of skill will appreciate that the tensioner can have any configuration that provides the function sought herein, which is to provide a tension force between beams. As such, the cages taught herein can include a means for providing tension force between the beams. The addition of one or more tensioners can function, for example, to retain the beams 1650,1660,1670,1680 on a central beam 1601. In some embodiments, the function sought is to provide a tension between the first top beam and the second top beam. In some embodiments, the function sought is to provide a tension between the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam. Likewise, in some embodiments, the function sought is to provide a tension between the first top beam and the second top beam, in addition to a tension between the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam. As shown herein, for example, the tensioners can be a top tension strap 1699T and a bottom tension strap 1699B.

One of skill will appreciate that the configuration of the tensioner can be varied to provide a sufficient tension force between beams of a cage, according to some embodiments. FIGS. 16A-16I show a tension strap configuration that provides a tension force from the elasticity of the material that composes the top and bottom tension straps.

FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate the cage of FIGS. 16A-16I in a collapsed configuration, according to some embodiments. FIG. 17A shows, for example, a perspective view of the top and bottom tension straps 1699T,1699B flexed due to the cage 1600 being in the collapsed configuration. FIG. 17B shows how a flexed tensioner 1699T can be used, for example, in the process of removing the cage 1600 from a subject. As can be seen from FIG. 17B, the steps of attaching a puller 1701 to the tensioner 1699T and pulling on the tension 1699T creates a collapsing force, F_(C), on the cage 1600 which helps to remove the cage from the intervertebral space of the subject.

In some embodiments, the tensioner is inelastic, or at least substantially inelastic. In some embodiments, the tension force can be increased by increasing the cross-sectional area of the tensioner and decreased by decreasing the cross-sectional area of the tensioner. In some embodiments, the tension force can comprise a force applied by a shape-memory of the material. As such, in some embodiments, the tension force can be configured by varying cross-sectional area and shape of a material. In some embodiments, the tensioner can be entirely elastic beyond the stress and strain applied in the expansion of the cage. In some embodiments, the tensioner should have a tensile strength that is greater than the tensile strength required in the expansion of the cage and, in some embodiments, the tensile strength is at least about 1.5×, 2×, 2.5×, 3×, 3.5×, 4×, 4.5×, 5×, or any amount therein in increments of 0.1×, the tensile strength required to expand the cage. The tensile strength might be measured in some embodiments, for example, at the point immediately prior to the yield point of the tensioner material, taken as the lowest stress at which permanent deformation is measured in the tensioner. One of skill will appreciate that either ASTM D638 and ISO 527 tests, for example, might be used in making the material selection. One of skill, for example, will note that PEEK is a thermoplastic having desirable mechanical properties that include a Young's modulus of elasticity of about 3.6 GPa and a tensile strength of about 170 MPa. Polysulfone has a Young's modulus of elasticity of about 2.61 GPa and a tensile strength of about 68 MPa, and ULTEM 1000 has a Young's modulus of elasticity of about 3.45 GPa and a tensile strength of about 114 MPa.

In some embodiments, the Young's modulus of elasticity ranges of the tensioner from about 1.5 GPa to about 4.5 GPa, from about 2.0 GPa to about 4.0 GPa, from about 2.4 GPa to about 3.8 GPa, from about 2.6 GPa to about 3.6 GPa, or any range therein. In some embodiments, the Young's modulus of elasticity is about 2.0 GPa, about 2.2 GPa, about 2.4 GPa, about 2.6 GPa, about 2.8 GPa, about 3.0 GPa, about 3.2 GPa, about 3.4 GPa, about 3.6 GPa, about 3.8 GPa, or any amount therein in increments of 0.1 GPa. In some embodiments, a tensioner strap is “at least substantially inelastic” when it has a Young's modulus of elasticity that is greater than about 2.0 GPa, greater than about 2.2 GPa, greater than about 2.4 GPa, greater than about 2.6 GPa, greater than about 2.8 GPa, greater than about 3.0 GPa, greater than about 3.2 GPa, greater than about 3.4 GPa, greater than about 3.6 GPa, greater than about 3.8 GPa, or any amount therein in increments of 0.1 GPa. As such, if a tensioner has a Young's modulus of elasticity range with a lower end that is at least about 2.0 GPa, about 2.2 GPa, 2.4 GPa, 2.6 GPa, 2.8 GPa, 3.0 GPa, 3.2 GPa, 3.4 GPa, 3.6 GPa, or 3.8 GPa the tensioner can be consider to be at least substantially inelastic.

In some embodiments, the tensile strength ranges of the tensioner from about 30 MPa to about 300 MPa, from about 40 MPa to about 250 MPa, from about 50 MPa to about 200 MPa, from about 60 MPa to about 190 MPa, from about 70 MPa to about 180 MPa, from about 80 MPa to about 170 MPa, from about 65 MPa to about 185 MPa, or any range therein. In some embodiments, the tensile strength is about 60 MPa, about 70 MPa, about 80 MPa, about 90 MPa, about 100 MPa, about 110 MPa, about 120 MPa, about 130 MPa, about 140 MPa, about 150 MPa, about 160 MPa, about 170 MPa, about 180 MPa, about 190 MPa, about 200 MPa, about 210 MPa, about 220 MPa, about 230 MPa, about 240 MPa, about 250 MPa, or any amount or range therein in increments of 1.0 MPa.

FIG. 16D illustrates, for example, an embodiment wherein the proximal end of the cage 1600 has a top tension strap 1699T operably connecting the first top beam 1650 to the second top beam 1660, and a bottom tension strap 1699B operably connecting the first bottom beam 1660 to the second top beam 1680. FIG. 16E illustrates, for example, the distal end of the cage 1600, in the expanded configuration. As shown in at least FIGS. 14D and 15D, the distal end of the cage 1600 can be configured for receiving a stabilizer in operable contact with the beams 1650,1660,1670,1680.

FIG. 16F illustrates a top view of a system with the central beam 1601 inserted in the cage 1600 in the expanded configuration, and FIGS. 16G-16I have the cut-out views that remove the side struts to show the relationship between the central beam 1601, and the cage 1600 in the expanded configuration. No stabilizer is shown in these views, but the cage 1600 has a configuration for receiving an H-type stabilizer in combination with a top tension strap 1699T and a bottom tension strap 1699B as shown, for example, in FIGS. 16D, 16G, and 16H.

In some embodiments, the stabilizer can be on, at, or near the proximal end of the cage. In some embodiments, the stabilizer can be on, at, or near the distal end of the cage. In some embodiments, the stabilizer can be on, at, or near the proximal end of the cage and in combination with a second stabilizer on, at, or near the distal end of the cage.

In some embodiments, the tensioner can be on, at, or near the proximal end of the cage and operably attaching the first top beam to the second top beam. In some embodiments, the tensioner can be on, at, or near the proximal end of the cage and operably attaching the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam. In some embodiments, the tensioner can be on, at, or near the distal end of the cage and operably attaching the first top beam to the second top beam. In some embodiments, the tensioner can be on, at, or near the distal end of the cage and operably attaching the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam. In some embodiments, the tensioner can be on, at, or near the proximal end of the cage and in combination with a second tensioner on, at, or near the distal end of the cage and operably attaching the first top beam to the second top beam. In some embodiments, the tensioner can be on, at, or near the proximal end of the cage and in combination with a second tensioner on, at, or near the distal end of the cage and operably attaching the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam. In any of the embodiments, whether used on, at, or neat the proximal end or on, at, or near the distal end, or both ends, a top tensioner can be used to attach the first top beam to the second top beam, and a bottom tensioner can be used to attach the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam. And, in some embodiments, the tensioner can be a single unit that attaches the first top beam to the second top beam, and it also the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam. Moreover, the tensioner, whether used as one strap or a plurality of straps, can be formed as monolithically integral with the cage.

In some embodiments, a tensioner can be used in combination with a stabilizer. In these embodiments, the stabilizer can be on, at, or near the distal end of the cage, and the tensioner can be on, at, or near the proximal end of the cage. Likewise, in these embodiments, the stabilizer can be on, at, or near the proximal end of the cage, and the tensioner can be on, at, or near the distal end of the cage. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is on, at, or near the distal end of the cage, and it is used in combination with a top tensioner that operably connects the first top beam to the second top beam and a bottom tensioner that operably connects the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam.

In some embodiments, a cage can have a tensioner at the proximal end of the cage and at the distal end of the cage. In some embodiments, a cage can have proximal top tensioner at the proximal end of the cage connecting the first top beam to the second top beam, a proximal bottom tensioner at the proximal end of the cage connecting the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam, a distal top tensioner at the distal end of the cage connecting the first top beam to the second top beam, and a distal bottom tensioner at the distal end of the cage connecting the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam.

One of skill will appreciate that the teachings provided herein are directed to basic concepts that can extend beyond any particular embodiment, embodiments, figure, or figures. It should be appreciated that any examples are for purposes of illustration and are not to be construed as otherwise limiting to the teachings. For example, it should be appreciated that the devices provided herein can also be used as implants in other areas of the body. The devices provided herein can be used, for example, in intravertebral body procedures to support or distract vertebral bodies in the repair of, for example, collapsed, damaged or unstable vertebral bodies suffering from disease or injury. 

We claim:
 1. An intervertebral scaffolding system, comprising; a laterovertically-expanding frame configured to create an intervertebral scaffolding system in vivo, the frame having a first top beam, a second top beam, a first bottom beam, and a second bottom beam, wherein the beams are in an at least substantially parallel arrangement with each other; a plurality of top connector elements configured to expandably connect the first top beam to the second top beam; a plurality of bottom connector elements configured to expandably connect the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam; a top tensioner operably attaching the first top beam to the second top beam; a bottom tensioner operably attaching the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam; and, a stabilizer that slidably engages with the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, the second bottom beam, or a combination thereof, and is configured for retaining the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, the second bottom beam, or the combination thereof, from a lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state.
 2. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is in an X-configuration having a first top leg for slidably-engaging with the first top beam at an angle θ_(1T) with the lateral movement of the first top beam, first bottom leg for slidably engaging with the first bottom beam at an angle θ_(1B) with the lateral movement of the first bottom beam, a second top leg for slidably engaging with the second top beam at an angle θ_(2T) with the lateral movement of the second top beam, and a second bottom leg for slidably engaging with the second bottom beam at an angle θ_(2B) with the lateral movement of the second bottom beam, wherein each of the angles θ_(1T), θ_(1B), θ_(2T), θ_(2B), respectively, provide a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state.
 3. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is in an X-configuration having a first top leg for slidably-engaging with the first top beam at an angle θ_(1T) with the lateral movement of the first top beam, first bottom leg for slidably engaging with the first bottom beam at an angle θ_(1B) with the lateral movement of the first bottom beam, a second top leg for slidably engaging with the second top beam at an angle θ_(2T) with the lateral movement of the second top beam, and a second bottom leg for slidably engaging with the second bottom beam at an angle θ_(2B) with the lateral movement of the second bottom beam, wherein each of the angles θ_(1T), θ_(1B), θ_(2T), θ_(2B), respectively, provide a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state; wherein, the system further comprises an expansion member, and the stabilizer further comprises a point of attachment for releasably attaching a guidewire for guiding the expansion member into the laterovertically expanding frame.
 4. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is in an X-configuration having a first top leg for slidably-engaging with the first top beam at an angle θ_(1T) with the lateral movement of the first top beam, first bottom leg for slidably engaging with the first bottom beam at an angle θ_(1B) with the lateral movement of the first bottom beam, a second top leg for slidably engaging with the second top beam at an angle θ_(2T) with the lateral movement of the second top beam, and a second bottom leg for slidably engaging with the second bottom beam at an angle θ_(2B) with the lateral movement of the second bottom beam, wherein each of the angles θ_(1T), θ_(1B), θ_(2T), θ_(2B), respectively, provide a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state; wherein, the system further comprises an expansion member, and the first top leg, the first bottom leg, the second top leg, and the second bottom leg converge to form a hub having a point of attachment for releasably attaching a guidewire for guiding the expansion member into the laterovertically expanding frame.
 5. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is in an H-configuration having a first vertical leg, a second vertical leg, and a cross-member that connects the first vertical leg at least substantially parallel to the second vertical leg, the first vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the first top beam and the first bottom beam, the second vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the second top beam and the second bottom beam, and the cross member providing a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state.
 6. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is in an H-configuration having a first vertical leg, a second vertical leg, and a cross-member that connects the first vertical leg at least substantially parallel to the second vertical leg, the first vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the first top beam and the first bottom beam, the second vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the second top beam and the second bottom beam, and the cross member providing a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state; wherein, the system further comprises an expansion member with a horizontal groove configured complementary to the cross-member of the stabilizer, and the horizontal groove of the expansion member slidably connects with the cross-member in the expanded state.
 7. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is in an H-configuration having a first vertical leg, a second vertical leg, a cross-member that connects the first vertical leg at least substantially parallel to the second vertical leg, the first vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the first top beam and the first bottom beam, the second vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the second top beam and the second bottom beam, and the cross member providing a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state; wherein, the system further comprises an expansion member, and the cross-member further comprises a vertical support member, the expansion member having a vertical groove configured complementary to the vertical support member of the stabilizer, and the vertical groove of the expansion member slidably connects with the vertical support member in the expanded state.
 8. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is in an H-configuration having a first vertical leg, a second vertical leg, a cross-member that connects the first vertical leg at least substantially parallel to the second vertical leg, the first vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the first top beam and the first bottom beam, the second vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the second top beam and the second bottom beam, and the cross member providing a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state; wherein, the system further comprises an expansion member, and the stabilizer further comprises a point of attachment for releasably attaching a guidewire adapted for guiding the expansion member into the laterovertically expanding frame.
 9. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is in an H-configuration having a first vertical leg, a second vertical leg, a cross-member that connects the first vertical leg at least substantially parallel to the second vertical leg, the first vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the first top beam and the first bottom beam, the second vertical leg including a retaining surface for engaging with the second top beam and the second bottom beam, and the cross member providing a tensile force for resisting the first top beam, the first bottom beam, the second top beam, and the second bottom beam from the lateral movement that exceeds the expanded state; wherein, the system further comprises an expansion member, and the cross-member includes a first pillar and a second pillar that operably connect at a hub that has a point of attachment for releasably attaching a guidewire for guiding the expansion member into the laterovertically expanding frame.
 10. The scaffolding system of claim 1 further comprising a grafting port.
 11. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein each plurality of connector elements are struts; and, wherein, the top struts are configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the second top beam; the bottom struts are configured monolithically integral to the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam; the top tensioner is configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the second top beam; and, the bottom tensioner is configured monolithically integral to the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam; wherein, the top struts and bottom struts of the laterovertically-expanding frame are each configured to open a graft distribution window upon expansion, expanding from the first top beam to the second top beam, the first top beam to the first bottom beam, the second top beam to the second bottom beam, or the first bottom beam to the second bottom beam.
 12. The scaffolding system of claim 1, wherein, the top connector struts are configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the second top beam; and, the bottom struts are configured monolithically integral to the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam; the first side struts are configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the first bottom beam; the second side struts are configured monolithically integral to the second top beam and the second bottom beam; the top tensioner is configured monolithically integral to the first top beam and the second top beam; and, the bottom tensioner is configured monolithically integral to the first bottom beam and the second bottom beam; wherein, the top, bottom, first side, and second side of the laterovertically-expanding frame form a monolithically integral frame.
 13. A method of fusing an intervertebral space using the scaffolding system of claim 1, the method comprising: creating a point of entry into an intervertebral disc, the intervertebral disc having a nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosis; removing the nucleus pulposus from within the intervertebral disc through the point of entry, leaving the intervertebral space for expansion of the scaffolding system of claim 1 within the annulus fibrosis, the intervertebral space having a top vertebral plate and a bottom vertebral plate; inserting the laterovertically expanding frame in the collapsed state through the point of entry into the intervertebral space; expanding the laterovertically expanding frame to form the scaffolding system; and, adding a grafting material to the intervertebral space.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the creating the point of entry comprises creating a lateral dimension of the point of entry ranging from about 5 mm to about 15 mm, and the amount of lateral expansion is selected to exceed the lateral dimension of the point of entry.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the expanding includes expanding the laterovertically expanding frame laterally to a width that exceeds the width of the point of entry; and, expanding the laterovertically expanding frame vertically to support the intervertebral space in the expanded state.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the expanding the laterovertically expanding frame includes inserting an expansion member and engaging a means for preventing the expansion member from backing out of the laterovertically-expanding frame after the expanding.
 17. A kit, comprising: the scaffolding system of claim 1; a cannula for inserting the scaffolding system into the intervertebral space; and, a guidewire adapted for guiding an expansion member into the laterovertically expanding frame.
 18. A kit, comprising: the scaffolding system of claim 2; a cannula for inserting the scaffolding system into the intervertebral space; and, a guidewire adapted for guiding an expansion member into the laterovertically expanding frame.
 19. A kit, comprising: the scaffolding system of claim 4; a cannula for inserting the scaffolding system into the intervertebral space; and, a guidewire adapted for guiding the expansion member into the laterovertically expanding frame.
 20. A kit, comprising: the scaffolding system of claim 6; a cannula for inserting the scaffolding system into the intervertebral space; and, a guidewire adapted for guiding the expansion member into the laterovertically expanding frame. 